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Can expressways get people cycling again?

• Deng Han

19.02.2018

Chinese cities are building bicycle expressways but cyclists need more than dedicated lanes, writes Deng Han

A cyclist peddles along Xiamen’s bicycle expressway (Image: ITDP)

The bicycle has seen a dramatic fall in popularity in China in recent decades. In the period 1978-1996, it’s estimated that 45% of urban commutes were on two wheels, declining to 35% between 1995-2002, and to 10% in big cities in later years.

But some Chinese cities are now trying to stop this decline by building dedicated cycle lanes to encourage people to get on their bikes again. These new expressways allow riders to commute quickly whilst protecting them from car users and other traffic on bustling roads.

China’s first elevated bike lane and the world’s longest at 7.6-kilometres is the Yunding road bicycle expressway in the south-eastern province of Fujian, which is now a little over a year old.

What’s special about Xiamen’s expressway is that it is fully elevated, segregated from other traffic, and off-limits to pedestrians, electric bikes and three-wheelers. This makes it the first piece of infrastructure in China aimed solely at cyclists.

The expressway uses space below the elevated roads of Xiamen’s Bus Rapid Transport. It sits five metres above ground and has two lanes, each 2.5 metres wide. It connects numerous residential areas, important public buildings, parks and schools.

By July 2017, 410,000 journeys had been made on it, an average of 4,000 a day, according to its builders. The busiest day saw 12,000 trips. In November 2017, it was awarded the China Residential Environment Prize.

Backpedalling 

The idea of bicycle expressways originated in the United States and Europe, but Chinese cities have become a lot more interested in them following years of urban planning that has focused on cars and mass transit.

In 2013, the housing ministry published guidelines for planning pedestrian and bicycle infrastructure, which discussed bicycle expressways for the first time.

Xiamen’s expressway is China’s first attempt at this type of infrastructure. As there were no regulations in place to guide its construction, the local government referred to overseas research and consulted with international organisations before putting together China’s first technical standard and management norms.

Uncertain benefits

Bicycle expressways can undoubtedly rival other forms of transport for speed. Tests by the Institute for Transportation and Development Policy found that elevated expressways free of intersections, traffic lights, pedestrians, bus stops and parked cars, allow bikes to travel at 25-30 kilometres an hour – faster than the average speed of cars during rush hour in ten of China’s most congested cities.

But Xiamen’s all-elevated expressway has also caused controversy because of its high cost and low utilisation. ITDP found the raised expressway in Xiamen was used less than bike lanes at ground level, which are open to electric bikes. This may be because the expressway is still being developed and does not cover all locations that people want to commute to. The closed-off nature of bike expressways does not always meet the need for short and medium-distance point-to-point journeys.

It may also take time for people to become familiar with the new infrastructure and be willing to use it in different types of weather. There is also a lack of high-level government support for such infrastructure, meaning cities have been on their own to plan and construct them.

The Xiamen bike expressway is fully elevated and off-limits to pedestrians, electric bikes and three-wheelers. (Image: ITDP)

International experience

As Chinese cities embark on more bicycle expressways, it’s hoped that schemes in the US and Europe can help inform best practice. Expressways are normal in many bike-friendly cities and countries: London has Cycle Superhighways, Holland its F25 High-Speed Cycle Route, Germany the RS1 bicycle highway, and in Bogota, Colombia, there is the Juan Amarillo Greenway.

What’s clear is that the most important feature of a bicycle expressway is exclusive road rights – a physical separation from other forms of transport to avoid interference and ensure safe travel at speed. When overlap is unavoidable, such as at junctions or river and rail crossings, traffic lights specifically for bikes are put in place or tunnels are built. Also, the road surface should allow for comfortable and convenient journeys. The smoothness of the road surface, gradients, and the number of points the expressway reaches all need to be considered.

But if the bicycle is to make a return to our cities, expressways aren’t enough – a complete bicycle transportation system is needed.

The point of promoting bicycle expressways is, after all, about getting more people to use bikes and other green transportation options, reducing urban congestion and pollution, increasing the vitality of urban spaces and bringing about healthy and more sustainable urban development.

Capillary lanes

China’s guidelines for the design of pedestrian and bicycle infrastructure define “exclusive” bike lanes and three classes of shared bike lane. The problem is that cities are focusing on lanes that give greater priority to bikes when they need to focus more on “capillary” bike lanes that provide access to communities and businesses. It is often here that a lack of space, lack of road rights and illegal occupation of roads creates chokepoints for bicycles, which puts people off from cycling.

A complete bicycle transportation system also needs comprehensive support at the strategic planning level. Denmark, which is recognised as a global leader in this area, has a population of about 5.6 million people – and 4.5 million bikes. In fact, 20% of commutes in Denmark are made by bike. According to research by the China Academy of Urban Planning and Design, the elevation of bicycle transport to the level of a national strategy was essential to create these conditions, despite the impact on motorised transport.

That national strategy included three targets: the use of the bicycle for easier journeys and a cleaner environment; enjoyable and healthier lives and new experiences; safe trips to school, and enjoyable journeys and a better transportation culture. The strategy was comprehensive, covering urban planning, infrastructure, bicycling culture, operations and maintenance, public participation and financial incentives. Alongside focusing on infrastructure, Chinese cities must bolster systematic research and planning like this if they are to bring about an increase in bicycle usage.

Bicycle expressways are appearing all over China. In 2016 Beijing started looking into an expressway between Huilongguan and Shangdi, site of the Zhongguancun Software Park. Plans have now been approved and the expressway is due to open in 2018. In 2017 Guangzhou started looking at ideas for dedicated bike lanes and Chengdu has started planning a 100-kilometre expressway through its greenbelt, which would allow travel as fast as 60 km/h.

The mayor of Bogota, Enrique Penalose, once said that bike lanes show that the person on a $30-dollar bike is as important as the person in a $30,000 car. It is hoped that bicycle expressways like that in Xiamen and the newly popular shared bike schemes, will bring bikes rolling back in to the cities and change car-centric attitudes. Getting people back on bicycles can restore China’s reputation as the “Kingdom of Bicycles”.

courtesy:chinadialogue

France makes bid for climate leadership

• ​Ludovica Meacci

25.01.2018

Macron’s call to ‘make our planet great again’ must start at home, writes Ludovica Meacci

President Macron has been carefully positioning France as a leader on climate action (Image: vfutscher)

Since President Trump announced in June 2017 that the United States would withdraw from the Paris Agreement, French President Emmanuel Macron has been keen to highlight the importance of climate change on the international stage.

His well-known catchphrase: “make our planet great again”, is modelled after Trump’s 2017 campaign slogan, and signalled to the world France’s commitment to robust action on climate change. As other EU member states like Germany and the UK have been caught up in domestic issues, France has carefully positioned itself as the climate leader of a divided union.  

But Macron’s commitment looks less certain in the context of France’s domestic policy. The country is continuing to invest aggressively in nuclear power at the cost of renewable energy, and recent commitments to limit the production of fossil fuels are less ambitious then they might appear.

Working with China

Whether Macron can pull-off his rhetoric on climate depends partly on how the country engages with China, the world’s largest carbon dioxide emitter, and biggest investor in renewable technologies.

In an interview with china.org.cn ahead of his visit to China earlier this month, the French President underlined the importance of Sino-French cooperation in the fight against climate change.

During the visit both leaders reaffirmed the shared commitment to contain global warming. In the joint statement released by Xinhua News Agency, they called for a united front against the global challenge of climate change, as well as improvements in global governance and stronger multilateralism in international affairs.

Yet despite these commitments – and a speech in Mandarin that went viral– the visit failed to produce any substantial outcomes for the environment. Instead, it yielded some 50 commercial agreements signed between Macron and Xi aimed at addressing France’s ongoing trade imbalance with China.

Macron sets out his stall

While UK Prime Minister Theresa May is busy with Brexit, and German Chancellor Angela Merkel is preoccupied with securing a strong coalition for her fourth consecutive term, France has moved to fill the leadership vacuum. This started with the announcement of the Global Pact for the Environment in 2017, a framework to help countries implement the Paris goals that draws all existing environmental laws into one document.

Then, at the United Nations General Assembly in September 2017, Macron declared France’s financial commitment to climate action and insisted that the Paris Agreement would not be renegotiated (referring to President Trump’s intention to withdraw the US).

At the United Nations climate summit in November, France reninstated its intention to become carbon neutral by 2050. And at the One Planet Summit a month later, Macron gathered together world leaders and public and private representatives to discuss how to finance climate action. Beyond declarations, France is the fourth largest contributor to the Green Climate Fund.

While the summit secured major financial commitments from organisations, such as the Gates Foundation, AXA and the World Bank, many of these had already been planned. The number of new announcements was disappointing. That said, China, Canada and the EU announced another ministerial climate summit, scheduled for June 2018 in Brussels.

Action at home

If France is trying to present itself as global leader on climate then at the domestic level the picture is more complicated.

Macron’s Climate Plan calls for coordinated action between all government departments to accelerate France’s “ecological transition” and the implementation of the Paris Agreement.

As the first concrete action, the Minister for the Ecological and Inclusive Transition, Nicolas Hulot, put forward a new law in September 2017 (adopted by the National Assembly in December). This will phase out the production of hydrocarbons on French soil by 2040.

It makes France the first country to prohibit the exploration and exploitationof hydrocarbons on its soil. However, Greenpeace France has accused the government of limiting the law’s scope. Furthermore, only 1% France’s total fossil energy comes from domestic sources. The impact of the law will therefore be limited. 

France’s reliance on nuclear energy raises further questions. In a reportpublished in April 2017, Réseau Action Climat France stated that nuclear power accounts for 16% of France’s energy supply, compared to 2% globally.

Nuclear power is often seen as favourable to other forms of energy production on account of its low CO2 emissions. However, aside from the threat of nuclear incidents and their disastrous consequences, nuclear technology is increasingly thought of as ill-suited to a changing climate because it is also dependent on resources such as water. For example, the electricity produced from nuclear power stations requires more water than the electricity produced from photovoltaic or wind power sources.

In order to reduce the country’s reliance on nuclear, the Hollande administration adopted the Energy Transition Law in 2015, which proposes to reduce the share of electricity derived from nuclear power to 50% by 2025 whilst improving energy efficiency and increasing the share of renewables. The Minister for the Ecological Transition has admitted that such a goal will be difficult to achieve.

As France looks to bolster its international image on climate and the environment, its credibility will be increasingly linked to how effectively it manages its domestic transition towards a low-carbon economy. 

courtesy:chinadialogue

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